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With social development and technology progress, there is an increasing use of daily electronic products and radioactive medical devices, which increases the risk of exposure to radiation in medical practices, daily life activities, and work. Notably, the effects of radiation exposure on pregnant women and their offspring have attracted increasing attention. Comprehensive and accurate assessment and intervention of the effects of radiation exposure on pregnant women and their offspring are of great significance to reduce birth defects and achieve eugenics. This article reviews the effects of radiation exposure during pregnancy on offspring health based on animal experiments and clinical studies, and describes the possible mechanisms, so as to provide the basis for further studies.
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Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in non-occupational population reported in Hangzhou, and provide basis for diagnosis and further prevention and control of brucellosis in non-occupational population.Methods:The basic information, epidemiological characteristics, clinical characteristics and laboratory test data of brucellosis patients reported in Hangzhou from 2008 to 2019 were collected retrospectively. The data were obtained from the case questionnaire of confirmed brucellosis and annual report of brucellosis prevention and control work of Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention over the years. The epidemiological characteristics, clinical characteristics and diagnosis of brucellosis in non-occupational population were analyzed.Results:From 2008 to 2019, 76 cases of brucellosis in non-occupational population were reported in Hangzhou, accounting for 34.23% (76/222) of the total reported brucellosis cases. In the 76 cases of brucellosis in non-occupational population, there were 47 males and 29 females, the ratio of male to female was 1.62∶1.00; the age was (47.37 ± 16.04) years old, ranging from 6 to 84 years old. The peak incidence of brucellosis in non-occupational population was from March to May, accounting for 59.21% (45/76); the main routes of infection were direct contact and digestive tract, accounting for 80.26% (61/76). The main clinical symptoms were fever (100.00%, 76/76), hyperhidrosis (73.68%, 56/76) and muscle and joint pain (69.74%, 53/76); the diagnosis time was 27 (14, 49) d, and the longest diagnosis time was 190 d. Among them, 39 cases were misdiagnosed, accounting for 51.32% (39/76). Sixty suspected Brucella strains were identified by routine culture of automatic blood culture apparatus in hospital laboratory, and 54 strains of Brucella melitensis were identified by typing, with a coincidence rate of 90.00%. The blood culture rate of patients from 2015 to 2019 (88.46%, 46/52) was significantly higher than that from 2008 to 2014 (58.33%, 14/24), the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=8.968, P < 0.05). Conclusions:From 2008 to 2019, the onset of brucellosis in non-occupational population is seasonal in Hangzhou, the infection mode is diverse, the clinical symptoms are not typical, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed. Blood culture for suspected brucellosis patients in high incidence season is conducive to the early diagnosis of brucellosis.
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Objective:To understand the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among population in and near salts marketing areas of Hangzhou urban areas, so as to provide the evidence for making effective health education and health promotion models.Methods:A face to face KAP questionnaire investigation was conducted in 5 salts marketing survey points of 5 urban areas according to the north, south, east, west and center locations in 2018. The survey included basic information, awareness of the harm of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), ways to acquire knowledge of IDD prevention and control, knowledge of IDD prevention, and attitudes towards iodized salt and iodine-free salt. The survey results were analyzed.Results:Totally 991 people completed the investigation; and 80.8% (801/991) of the population surveyed knew that iodine deficiency will cause endemic goiter, and 41.7% (413/991) of them knew that IDD could lead to varying degrees of mental impairment; 62.1% (615/991) obtained IDD prevention knowledge from TV, radio, Internet and newspaper; 76.8% (761/991) knew that IDD can be prevented by taking iodized salt. However, 8.9% (88/991) thought eating seafood was the best way to prevent IDD; 50.9% (504/991) thought iodized salt may not cause excessive iodine intake, but 56.5% (560/991) considered that there was a correlation between iodized salt and thyroid nodules. 56.2% (557/991) believed that the supply of iodized salt should be opened.Conclusions:The population in and near salts marketing areas of Hangzhou urban areas remains relatively lack of knowledge on IDD and salt iodization. The routes people obtaining IDD knowledge are very limited and the health education should be highlighted.
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Objective To investigate the effects of administrative region changes on prevention and control of fluorosis,in order to provide a scientific basis for evaluation and improvement of prevention and control measures.Methods An investigation was conducted in all drinking water-born endemic fluorosis areas in Hangzhou in 2017,to evaluate the status quo of water-improving defluoridation projects,measure the water fluoride content with "the Standard Detection Methods for Domestic Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.7-2006),detect the dental fluorosis with Dean method and the urinary fluoride content by fluoride selective electrode method in children aged 8 to 12 years old.Results The historical endemic fluorosis areas in Hangzhou now involved 38 natural villages of 22 administrativevillages in 8 townships of 5 counties (cities and districts).All villages had completed water-improving projects which were running well as the fluoride contents of drinking water were less than 1.00 mg/L.The detection rate of dental fluorosis was 1.13％ (9/795) among children aged 8-12 years.A total of 198 urine samples were tested,the urinary fluoride content varied from 0.12 to 2.90 mg/L,and the geometric mean was 0.77 mg/L.Conclusion Administrative region changes do not influence the effect of water-improving defluoridation projects,but management and monitoring of the water-improving projects still should be strengthened.
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Objective To study epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area,and to provide a reference for prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the construction of large water conservancy projects in the epidemic area of schistosomiasis.Methods The data over the years of snail condition and monitoring of schistosomiasis before and after building the dam,and water conservancy project reconstruction related information were collected.Based on the survey results of the river channel,the lake beach and the dissipation zone in the reservoir area,the influence of Xin'an River water conservancy project on epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area was analyzed,and the epidemic factors of the schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges reservoir were compared and analyzed.Results Before the dam was built,an area of 38 144 000 m2 was examined but Oncomelania was undetected.The Qiandao Lake reservoir area belonged to a non epidemic area of schistosomiasis.After the dam was built,557 cases of schistosomiasis were found in 6 232 immigrants during 1962-1965,resulting in an imported epidemic.In 1970-1980,an area of 379 654 m2 in which Oncomelania was found was examined and snails were mainly distributed in some rice fields and ditches in the end of the reservoir.949 cases of local schistosomiasis were found in the snails.The condition and condition of the snail are gradually controlled through several decades of comprehensive prevention and control.Compared with the epidemic factors of schistosomiasis in Qiandao Lake and the Three Gorges reservoir,the environment of elevation beach and ecologically fragile fluctuation zone coexist in the two reservoir areas.Conclusion From the long-term longitudinal monitoring data of the Qiandao Lake reservoir area and the epidemic regularity of schistosomiasis and the comparison with the ecology of the Three Gorges reservoir,it is concluded that the two reservoir areas will not cause a large range of schistosomiasis epidemic in general,but it does not exclude the possibility of the breeding of the inputting Oncomelania.
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Objective To establish a normal reference range of thyroid-related indicators of early pregnant women in Hangzhou,and investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease among them after the implementation of a new standard of salt iodine content, in order to provide reference for monitoring of thyroid disease in pregnant women.Methods A total of 582 women in early pregnancy(0 - 13 weeks of gestation) in Hangzhou were selected via the stratified random sampling method as the subjects of the study and for detection of serology thyroid function. The levels of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were measured by chemiluminescence method. According to the standard American Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB), 359 women in early pregnancy were strictly screened to establish the normal reference value of TSH, FT4, and the reference range using the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). At the same time, the newly establish reference interval was used to evaluate the thyroid function of 582 early pregnant women. Results The reference interval of TSH in early pregnant women of Hangzhou was 0.048 -3.354 mU/L.The reference interval of FT4was(13.023 ± 3.316) pmol/L, and the tenth percentile of FT4was 11.030 pmol/L. Eighty-four persons' thyroid function was abnormal in 582 and the rate of abnormal was 14.4% (84/582), in which the rates of abnormal in clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroxinemia were 0.2% (1/582), 3.4% (20/582), 1.9% (11/582) and 8.9% (52/582), respectively. The case with clinical hyperthyroidism was not detected. The positive rate of TPOAb and TgAb were 10.8% (63/582) and 11.7%(68/582). The abnormal rate of hypothyroxinemia and the positive rate of TPOAb in early pregnant women in the city(11.4%,13.5%)were significantly higher than that in the rural areas(6.3%,8.1%,χ2=4.708,4.309, P < 0.05). Conclusions The normal reference value of thyroid hormones in early pregnant women in Hangzhou is established, and it is found that the incidence of thyroid disease is higher in pregnant women in Hangzhou after the implementation of the new standard of salt iodine content, therefore, it is imperative to carry out monitoring (or screening)of thyroid function in early pregnant women.
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Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on pregnant women before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.Methods Twelve counties (areas,cities) in Hangzhou were divided into urban,suburban and rural areas before and after adjusting the iodine content of salt.One survey spot was selected in each district and one hundred pregnant women were selected;family salt and urinary samples of each pregnant woman were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by the methods of picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Results One thousand two hundred and thirty-nine and one thousand two hundred and thirty-three household salt samples were collected before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.The median of salt iodine of pregnant women (23.30 mg/kg) before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt was lower than that after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (30.09 mg/kg,x2 =-4.71,P ＜ 0.01).The iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [93.92％ (1 158/1 233),93.84％ (1 157/1 233)] were higher than those before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [91.85％ (1 138/1 239),91.37％ (1 132/1 239),x2 =4.01,5.51,all P ＜ 0.05].The iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in urban and suburb areas after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [99.42％ (510/513),100.00％ (203/203),97.86％ (5021513),100.00％ (203/203)] were higher than those before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [86.71％ (450/519),98.00％ (196/200),77.26％ (401/519),85.00％ (170/200)],but the iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in rural area before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [94.62％ (492/520),86.92％ (452/520)] were higher than those after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [85.69％(443/517),76.98％ (398/517),x2=64.22,2.32,100.02,32.90,23.31,17.33,all P ＜ 0.05].One thousand two hundred and thirty-four and one thousand two hundred and thirty-one household urine samples were collected before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.The median of urinary iodine (MUI,114.80 μg/L) of pregnant women after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt was lower than that before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (168.60 μg/L,x2 =36.92,P ＜ 0.01).The MUIs of pregnant women in urban,suburban,and rural areas (171.30,170.20 and 162.40 μg/L) before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt were higher than those after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (101.00,149.48 and 119.90 μg/L,x2 =-7.78,-2.63,-6.28,all P ＜ 0.01).The differences of urinary iodine between groups were statistically significant in urban,suburban and rural areas after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (x2 =32.86,P ＜ 0.01),the MUI of pregnant women in urban areas was lower than those in the suburban and rural areas (x2 =6.70,8.13,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutrition level of pregnant women is decreased.But the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt and the MUIs in urban,suburb,rural areas are different,so the coverage of iodized salt at household level needs to be enhanced and the health education should be highlighted.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility of application of single and dual antiplatelet aggregation therapy in high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level in patients with angina pectoris. Methods Ninety-six hospitalized patients with angina 6~48 h (hs-CRP0.05). There were no significant differences in events of composite end points in patients after treatment between two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion For angina pectoris patients with hs-CRP<2 mg/L, the risk of cardiovascular events is relatively little. There is no obvious difference in curative effect between single and dual antiplatelet aggreration therapies.
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The aim of this study was to construct the eukaryotic expression vector of pCMV-Myc-NOVA1 based on NOVA1 gene, and to screen the optimum expression condition after transfecting to PC12 cells, and further to explore the distribution of NOVA1 protein in PC12 cells using cell immunohistochemistry, and to identifyits anti-hypoxia activity. According to the NOVA1 gene sequence of NCBI database, we designed the upstream and downstream primers, and performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the full length cDNA coding sequence using pCR4-TOPO-NOVA1 as a template. The products were digested by restriction endonuclease SalⅠand XhoⅠ, and conjugated to the eukaryotic expression vector ofpCMV-Myc followed by validating by digestion and direct sequencing. Subsequently, the validated pCMV-Myc-NOVA1 was transfected to PC12 cells followed by optimizing of transfection ratio and transfection time, and identified by qPCR, Western blotting and cell immunohistochemistry respectively. After validation by digestion and direct sequencing, the eukaryotic expression vector of pCMV-Myc-NOVA1 was correctly constructed. The optimum transfection ratio of plasmid to Lipo 2000 was 1:2.5, and the optimum transfection time was 72 h. At the optimum transfection condition, the expression level of NOVA1 mRNA and protein significantly increased, and after transfection of pCMV-Myc-NOVA1, NOVA1 protein mainly distributed in cell nucleus and cytoplasm. After 6 h hypoxia, the cell proliferation activity was significantly increased compared to that of the control and pCMV-Myc group. Our findings provided a reference for exploring the mechanism of NOVA1, and also a technical support for potential drug development of NOVA1.
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Animals , Humans , Rats , Blotting, Western , Cell Hypoxia , Genetic Vectors , PC12 Cells , Plasmids , RNA, Messenger , RNA-Binding Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , TransfectionABSTRACT
Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on pregnant women after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou and provide a scientific basis for supplementation of iodine to pregnant women.Methods After adjusting the iodine content of salt from 2012 to 2014,proportional probability sampling method was used to select 300 families and 100 pregnant women from every county (area,city) of Hangzhou City,and the household salt and urine samples were collected to detect iodine.Results Totally 3 904,3 900 and 3 900 samples of household salts were collected with the medians of salt iodine concentration of 23.77,22.75 and 23.30 mg/kg of each year from 2012 to 2014,respectively.The qualified rate of iodized-salt was 95.87％ (3 550/3 703),97.04％ (3 510/3 617) and 96.53％ (3 564/3 692) and the consuming rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.92％ (3 550/3 904),90.01％ (3 510/3 900) and 91.38％ (3 564/3 900),respectively,from the year 2012 to 2014.Totally 1 300,1 217 and 1 315 urine samples of pregnant women were collected and the median of urinary iodine (MUI) of each year from 2012 to 2014 was 119.90,136.40 and 124.00 μg/L,respectively.Conclusion After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the salt iodine consumption levels of pregnant women's family are stable,but the level of urinary iodine is low,which should be pay attention to.
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Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on children in areas with different iodized-salt covering rate after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou.Methods After adjusting the iodine content of salt,every county (area,city) of Hangzhou was divided into east,west,south,north and middle districts;one school was selected in each district,40 children aged 8-10 years old in each school were selected.The goiter rates of 8-10 years old students were examined (WS 276-2007).The family salt and urine samples of each student were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer method (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Areas were classified according to the coverage rate of iodized salt ＜95％ and ≥95％,and their urinary iodine levels were compared.Results A total of 2 395 samples were collected with a median salt iodine concentration of 23.50 mg/kg and a urinary iodine level of 167.45 μg/L.The goiter rate of children 8-10 years old was 1.75％ (42/2 395).The total iodized-salt covering rate was 93.15％ (2 231/2 395) and the difference was statistically significant between different districts and towns (x2 =153.13,P ＜0.01),but the level was less than 95％ in 6 areas.The urinary median iodine was 151.00 μg/L in the areas where the iodized-salt covering rate was less than 95％,lower than 173.50 μg/L in the areas where the iodized-salt covering rate was more than or equal to 95％ (x2 =-5.28,P ＜0.01).Conclusions After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutrition status of 8 to 10 years old students is optimal.But the urinary iodine levels are different in areas with different iodized-salt covering rates,so the coverage of iodized salt at household level need to be enhanced and the health education should be strengthen.
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Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on 8-10 years old children after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou.Methods Twelve counties (areas,cities) were divided into urban,suburban and rural areas in Hangzhou.By population proportion survey (PPS),every county(area,city) was divided into east,west,south,north and middle districts; one school was selected in each district; forty children (half male and half female) aged 8-10 years old in each school were selected; family salt and urine samples of each student were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer method (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Results Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-five household salt samples were collected.The median of salt iodine,the iodized salt coverage rate,the qualification rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 24.00 mg/kg,4.35％(2 571/2 725),91.02％(2 340/2 571) and 85.87％(2 340/2 725),respectively.The medians of salt iodine in urban,suburb and rural areas were 24.10,22.12,24.30 mg/kg,respectively.A total of 2 664 children urine samples were collected.The median of urinary iodine (MUI) of the children was 177.24 μg/L.The MUIs in urban,suburb and rural areas were 175.00,178.55,178.00 μg/L,respectively; in male was 183.00 μg/L and female was 170.50 μg/L.When non-iodized and unqualified iodized salt were taken,the differences of urinary iodine within groups were statistically significant in urban,suburb and rural areas(x2 =18.652,14.686,all P ＜ 0.05).In rural area,the difference of urinary iodine of 8-10 years old children who ingested different types of iodized salt was statistically significant(x2 =39.07,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutritional status of 8-10 years old students is at a appropriatelevel.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease in early pregnancy women of Hangzhou,and further to discuss the necessity of screening thyroid function in early pregnant women.Methods From March to October 2013,1 165 cases of women in the center of community health service (or health) for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy were used as research subjects.Household salt,fasting morning urine and serum samples were collected.The salt iodine level was measured by direct titration of sodium thiosulfate.The urinary iodine level was measured by arsenic-cerium contact process method.The levels of serum TSH,FT4,and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured by chemiluminescence method.Results The median of urinary iodine of the early pregnancy women was 135.2 μg/L,and only 26.7％ of early pregnancy women' s iodine-nutrition status were optimal.These were no significant difference in median urinary iodine as well as the frequency distribution between urban and suburban(P＞0.05).The abnormal rates of TSH and FT4 in early pregnancy women with negative TPOAb were 6.8％ (71/1 039) and 8.9％ (92/1 039),and the abnormal rates of TSH and FT4 in suburban areas were higher than those in urban areas(P=0.035,P =0.001).The prevalences of hypothyroidism,subclinical hypothyroidism,and hypothyroxinemia in early pregnant women of Hangzhou were 0.3％ (3/1 165),2.0％ (23/1 165),and 4.8％ (56/1 165) respectively,and the prevalence of hypothyroxinemia in suburban areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (6.1％ vs 3.5％,P =0.040).The positive rate of TPOAb was 9.9％ (114/1 153).The early pregnant women with positive TPOAb have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction,the ratio of TSH over the reference values was significantly higher than that in the negative group and more prone to subclinical hypothyroidism (OR =3.34,95％ CI 1.29-8.65).Conclusion The early pregnant women in rural areas or with positive TPOAb have an increased risk of abnormal thyroid function,thyroid function and iodine nutrition screening or monitoring should be highlighted.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological distribution and epidemic situation of brucellosis cases in Zhejiang Province in 2003 - 2012. Methods Questionnaires of confirmed brucellosis cases, annual reports of prevention and control work of brucellosis in the cities and monitoring points were collected and analyzed in 2003 - 2012. Population distribution, regional distribution, infection sources and routes of infection, aetiology and clinical symptoms and signs of the brucellosis cases were analyzed descriptively. Results A total of 323 brucellosis cases were reported in 2003 - 2012, the average annual incidence rate was 0.070/one hundred thousand, the incidence rate in 2012(0.190/one hundred thousand) was high. There were 272 people of the 323 brucellosis cases were from occupational populations, accounting for 84.21%(272/323); people worked in buying, slaughtering and trafficking of livestock products were majority of the cases, accounting for 65.02%(210/323); and unoccupational population was accounting for 15.79%(51/323). Regional distribution of brucellosis was gradually spreading; the average incidence rate of Shaoxing City was the highest ( 0 . 226/one hundred thousand ) . Three hundred patients were infected by sheep, accounting for 92.88%(300/323), and only 7.12%(23/323) of the patients were infected by cattle. Two hundred and eighty-seven acute phase patients of brucellosis were checked by blood culture, and thirty-nine Brucella melitensis strains and two Brucella abortus strains were detected. The chronicity survey of 120 confirmed cases of brucellosis were conducted, chronicity rate was 3.33%(4/120). Conclusions Trends in the epidemic situation of brucellosis in Zhejiang Province has continued to spread. The main source of infection is sheep from the North. Occupational populations are major populations at risk. The key of prevention and control is to strengthen the active monitoring of occupation personnel , health education and behavior intervention.
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Objective To investigate the urinary iodine level and thyroid function during different trimesters of pregnancy in Hangzhou residents and to provide evidence for monitoring iodine nutrition or screening thyroid function. Methods The urinary iodine level and thyroid function of 395 subjects from 5 hospitals in Hanzhou were investigated. The urinary iodine level was measured by arsenic-cerium contact process method. The serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 were measured by chemiluminescence method. Results (1) The urinary iodine median concentration during pregnancy in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters were 170.3, 170.2, 162.4 μ/L respectively, all significantly lower than that of non-pregnant women (251.9 μg/L, all P < 0.05); (2) The mean value of TSH during the 1st trimester of pregnancy was significantly lower than that of non-preguant women (P < 0.05). The mean values of FT4 and FT3 in the 2nd and the 3rd trimesters of pregnancy were significantly lower than those of the control (P < 0.05); (3) During 2nd trimester, there were 8.7% (9/104, in FT4) and 9.6% (10/104, in FT3) pregnant women below normal lower range while during 3rd trimester, these figures reached 22.7% (22/97) and 17.5% (17/97) resfectively. Conclusions More than half of the pregnant women in Hangzhou have good nutritional status of iodine. There are significant differences in thyroid hormone levels between the non-pregnant and pregnant women as well as between gestation periods. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a trimester-specific reference range of thyroid hormones for normal pregnancy. The screening for thyroid function is recommended for pregnant women besides monitoring routine urinary iodine.
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OBJECTIVE To study the clinical species distribution and drug resistance of Enterococcus.METHODS We had collected 201 isolates of Enterococcus by cultured in normal methods in our hospital from July 2005 to June 2008,and analyzed the characteristics of species distribution,drugsensitive test,drug resistance of high concentration aminoglycoside antibiotics and measured the ?-lactamase.RESULTS There are 106 E.faecalis strains(52.7%),76 E.faecium strains(37.8%) and 19 the other Enterococcus strains(9.5%).There were 102 Enerococcus strains separated from urine and 46 separated from sputamentum.The drug resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis to erythromycin,tetracycline,rifampin and ciprofloxacin were more than 75.0% and the resistance rate of E.faecium to penicillin,ampicillin,erythromycin,rifampin,ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were more than 93.0%;the total resistance rate of Enterococcus to vancomycin and teicoplanin were 14.4% and 10.4%,respectively.The number of the isolates resistant to high concentration aminoglycoside antibiotics was 151(75.1%);Enterococcus with positive ?-lactamase were 74(36.8%).CONCLUSIONS The infection in urinary system and respiratory system were mainly caused by E.faecalis and E.faeciumwith multidrug resistance.
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OBJECTIVE To study the isolation rate,distribution characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii infection.METHODS Surveillance data of A.baumannii infection,distribution and resistance rates to 12 kinds of antibiotics in our hospital for 3 years were analyzed.RESULTS During the 3-year infection surveillance,194 strains of A.baumannii were isolated in our hospital.The isolation rate was 7.8% in 2006,though 2.4% in 2004.Eighty strains(41.2%) of A.baumannii were from intensive care unit;95 strains were from over 60-year-old sufferers;compared with 2004 and 2005,the resistance rates of A.baumannii in 2006 to 12 kinds of antibiotics were increasing at different degree.The antibacterial susceptibility to imipenem/meropenem was the highest.CONCLUSIONS The isolation rate of A.baumannii and antimicrobial resistance rate are increasing year by year.The A.baumannii strains shows obvious multiple antibacterial resistance.We must keep monitoring of A.baumannii infection and drug-resistant changes in order to prevent nosocomial infections.